Introduction to Microplastics and Chewing Gum

In recent years, the presence of microplastics has become a pressing concern globally. From the depths of the ocean to the air we breathe, microplastics are pervasive, affecting not just the environment but potentially human health as well. A recent pilot study has shed light on a less explored source of microplastic exposure: chewing gum. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) discovered that chewing gum, whether synthetic or natural, can release hundreds to thousands of microplastics into saliva while being chewed[1][2].

Understanding Microplastics

Microplastics are small plastic particles, typically less than 5 millimeters in size, which can be found in various products and environments. They are known to contaminate water, food, and even the human body. The health impacts of microplastics are still being studied, but emerging evidence suggests potential risks, including inflammation and toxicity[2][3].

The Study: Chewing Gum as a Microplastic Source

The UCLA study aimed to investigate how chewing gum contributes to microplastic ingestion. It examined both synthetic and natural chewing gums, each made with different base materials. Synthetic gums use petroleum-based polymers, while natural gums utilize plant-based polymers like chicle or tree sap[1][2].

Methodology and Findings

• Chewing Gum Composition: Synthetic gums are made from petroleum-based polymers, while natural ones use plant-based materials. Both types were found to release similar amounts of microplastics[1][2].
• Microplastic Release: On average, 100 microplastics were released per gram of gum, with some pieces shedding up to 600 microplastics per gram. This suggests a typical piece of gum, weighing between 2–6 grams, could release up to 3,000 microplastics[1][2].
• Testing Process: One person chewed multiple pieces of gum from different brands to account for varied chewing patterns. Samples were analyzed for microplastic content using microscopy and spectroscopy[1][2].

Key Findings:

• Microplastic Types: Both synthetic and natural gums released polyolefins, polyethylene terephthalates, polyacrylamides, and polystyrenes, with polyolefins being the most abundant[1][2].
• Release Rate: Most microplastics were released within the first two minutes of chewing, with 94% of particles released after eight minutes[1][2].
• Exposure Levels: If someone chews 180 pieces of gum annually, they might ingest around 30,000 microplastics[3][4].

Health and Environmental Implications

While the study highlights the potential for microplastic ingestion through chewing gum, the health effects remain unclear. Scientists emphasize that microplastics are a ubiquitous part of modern life, and more research is needed to understand their impact on human health[2][4].

Health Concerns

Emerging research suggests that microplastics could pose health risks by causing inflammation or toxicity, although there are no conclusive human trials[2][4]. The exact long-term effects of consuming microplastics are still being studied.

Environmental Impact

Besides the potential health risks, used chewing gum also contributes to plastic pollution if not disposed of properly. This pollution can affect ecosystems and add to environmental plastics [1][3].

Response and Recommendations

The study does not suggest immediate panic but encourages awareness about microplastic exposure. A practical approach to reduce exposure could be chewing a single piece of gum for longer instead of changing it frequently[1][4]. Additionally, proper disposal of used gum is important to reduce environmental pollution.

Expert Insights:

• Sanjay Mohanty, UCLA: "Our goal is not to alarm anybody. Scientists don't know if microplastics are unsafe to us or not. There are no human trials."
• Oliver Jones, RMIT University: "Most of the microplastics, if swallowed, would likely pass straight through you with no impact."

Conclusion: Awareness and Action

As microplastic research continues to unfold, awareness about their sources, including chewing gum, is crucial. By understanding and managing exposure, individuals can contribute to reducing plastic pollution. The importance of responsible waste management and further research into microplastic effects cannot be overstated.